The effect becomes especially important when a structure approaches a characteristic quantum length scale. In semiconductor nanocrystals, this is often described using the exciton Bohr radius: the ...

Quantum confinement is a physical effect that occurs when the size of a material—usually a semiconductor or conductor—is reduced to the nanoscale, thereby restricting the movement of electrons or ...

Consumer electronic devices are made from materials that we have been using for more than 60 years, mainly silicon, germanium and copper. Why have semiconductor electronics become increasingly fast ...

Quantum effects are physical phenomena that cannot be explained accurately with classical mechanics alone. They arise from the wave-like and probabilistic behavior of matter and light: energy levels ...